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Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
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National population-based estimates for major birth defects, 2016-2020.

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  • 1National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Birth Defects Research
|January 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Updated US birth defect prevalence data (2016-2020) show concerning increases in conditions like Down syndrome and decreases in others, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance and investigation into these trends.

Keywords:
NBDPNbirth defectscongenital anomaliesnationalprevalencesurveillance

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health Surveillance
  • Reproductive Epidemiology
  • Pediatric Health

Background:

  • Provides updated crude and adjusted prevalence estimates for major birth defects in the United States.
  • Covers the 2016-2020 period, offering current insights into birth defect epidemiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To calculate pooled and national prevalence estimates for major birth defects.
  • To compare current prevalence data with historical estimates from 1999-2014.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 13 US population-based surveillance programs employing active or combined case ascertainment.
  • Calculated pooled and national prevalence estimates, adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity and maternal age for specific conditions.
  • Compared current findings with previously published national estimates.

Main Results:

  • Prevalence estimates per 10,000 live births varied widely, from 0.63 for common truncus to 18.65 for clubfoot.
  • Observed temporal increases in atrioventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, omphalocele, trisomy 18, and trisomy 21 (Down syndrome).
  • Observed temporal decreases in anencephaly, common truncus, transposition of the great arteries, and cleft lip with/without cleft palate.

Conclusions:

  • Presents updated national prevalence data for selected major birth defects in the US.
  • Emphasizes the utility of these data for continuous temporal monitoring of birth defect prevalence.
  • Highlights observed increases and decreases in prevalence since 1999, warranting further investigation.