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Revisiting Open Defecation: Evidence from a Panel Survey in Rural North India, 2014-18.

Aashish Gupta1, Nazar Khalid1, Devashish Deshpande1

  • 1Aashish Gupta, Nazar Khalid, Payal Hathi, Nikhil Srivastav, Sangita Vyas, Dean Spears, and Diane Coffey conduct research with r.i.c.e. Devashish Deshpande and Avani Kapur work with Accountability Initiative at the Centre for Policy Research. Gupta is affiliated with University of Pennsylvania; Hathi with UC Berkeley; and Srivastav, Vyas, Spears, and Coffey with University of Texas, Austin. Spears is also Research Fellow at IZA and an Affiliated Researcher at IFFS.

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Despite the Swachh Bharat Mission aiming to end open defecation by 2019, a 2018 survey found 40-50% of rural North Indians still practiced it. This highlights ongoing challenges in achieving national sanitation goals.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Environmental Health
  • Sociology

Background:

  • The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched by the Government of India in 2014 with the objective of eliminating open defecation by 2019.
  • Previous research in 2014 by the Research Institute for Compassionate Economics (r.i.c.e.) assessed rural sanitation behavior in North India.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the prevalence of open defecation in rural North India in late 2018.
  • To evaluate progress towards the Swachh Bharat Mission's goal of eliminating open defecation.

Main Methods:

  • A multistage sampling strategy was employed to select households.
  • Districts were purposively selected based on rural open defecation trends from 2001-2011 Censuses.
  • Villages and households were randomly selected using proportional-to-size sampling and in-field randomization techniques.

Main Results:

  • Approximately 40% to 50% of rural populations in the surveyed states continued to practice open defecation in late 2018.
  • Findings were consistent across various statistical analysis methods.

Conclusions:

  • Significant challenges remain in achieving the elimination of open defecation in rural North India.
  • Sustained and potentially intensified interventions are necessary to meet national sanitation targets.