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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
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Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

3.0K
Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2025

A Method to Study de novo Formation of Chromatin Domains
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A Method to Study de novo Formation of Chromatin Domains

Published on: August 23, 2019

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Polycomb-mediated histone modifications and gene regulation.

Shinsuke Ito1, Takashi Umehara1,2, Haruhiko Koseki1,3

  • 1Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|January 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Polycomb repressive complexes 1 and 2 (PRC1 and PRC2) establish gene repression by creating Polycomb chromatin domains. PRC1-mediated H2AK119ub1 enhances PRC2 activity, facilitating this process through trans-tail communication.

Keywords:
CpG islandH2AK119ub1H3K27me3PRC1PRC2transcriptional repression

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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark
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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Polycomb repressive complexes 1 (PRC1) and 2 (PRC2) are crucial for epigenomic regulation and cell-fate determination.
  • PRC1 ubiquitinates histone H2A (H2AK119ub1), while PRC2 methylates histone H3 (H3K27me3), both contributing to gene silencing.
  • These epigenetic marks extensively overlap genome-wide, forming Polycomb chromatin domains.

Conclusions:

  • PRC1 and PRC2 cooperate to establish Polycomb chromatin domains.
  • Interplay between H2AK119ub1 and H3K27me3 is critical for gene repression.
  • Understanding these mechanisms provides insight into epigenomic regulation and cell-fate decisions.