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Related Concept Videos

Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
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Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

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Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
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Somnambulism, commonly known as sleepwalking, involves individuals engaging in activities ranging from simple walking to more complex behaviors such as driving. Sleepwalking typically occurs during the slow-wave sleep stages 3 and 4 early in the night when the person is not dreaming, contradicting the myth that sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams.
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Narcolepsy01:07

Narcolepsy

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Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by pervasive, uncontrolled sleepiness and other sleep disturbances. One of its hallmark symptoms is an abrupt transition to REM sleep upon falling asleep, which causes symptoms typically associated with this phase to occur unexpectedly during wakefulness. These include the following symptoms, which typically last from a minute or two to half an hour.
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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
RBD is significantly associated with...
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Insomnia01:27

Insomnia

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Insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings during the night, and waking up too early without being able to return to sleep. People with insomnia often experience these disruptions at least three nights a week for at least one month. Chronic insomnia, which lasts for at least three months, can lead to increased anxiety, which in turn can worsen sleep difficulties, creating a cycle of sleeplessness and stress.
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Autism Spectrum Disorder and Sleep.

Kyle P Johnson1, Paria Zarrinnegar1

  • 1Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Mailcode: DC-7P, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.

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Children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often face sleep disturbances like insomnia. Effective treatments include behavioral interventions, parental education, and melatonin, which can improve daytime behavior and reduce parental stress.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Sleep Medicine
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Background:

  • Sleep disturbances, especially insomnia, are highly prevalent in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
  • Sleep deprivation in this population is linked to increased daytime behavioral issues and parental stress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology of sleep disturbances in children and adolescents with ASD.
  • To discuss the latest evidence-based treatment options for sleep problems in this demographic.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiological data on sleep disturbances in ASD.
  • Synthesis of current research on treatment efficacy for sleep issues in youth with ASD.

Main Results:

  • Youth with ASD exhibit significantly higher rates of sleep disturbances compared to the general population.
  • Behavioral interventions, parental education, and melatonin have demonstrated effectiveness in managing these sleep issues.

Conclusions:

  • Sleep disturbances are a critical concern for children and adolescents with ASD, impacting behavior and family well-being.
  • A multi-faceted approach combining behavioral strategies, education, and pharmacological options like melatonin is recommended for treatment.