Long-term exercise training inhibits inflammation by suppressing hippocampal NLRP3 in APP/PS1 mice

Behavioral experiments have demonstrated that long-term physical exercise can be beneficial for learning and memory dysfunction caused by neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the molecular mechanism remains poorly understood due to a lack of sufficient pertinent biochemical evidence. We investigated the potential effect of long-term physical exercise on cognition and hippocampal gene and protein expression changes in a transgenic AD mouse model. Following twenty weeks of treadmill exercise, transgenic AD mice showed improvement in cognitive functions and downregulation of Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) (p ​< ​0.01), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) (p ​< ​0.05), and amyloid-β_1-42 (Aβ_1-42) (p ​< ​0.05) expression levels. In addition, we observed significant reductions of microglial activation and hippocampal neuronal damage in the exercised AD mice (p ​< ​0.01), which might be a result of the downregulation of NLRP3-mediated signaling and neuro-inflammatory responses. As neuronal damage due to inflammation might be a likely cause of AD-associated cognitive dysfunction. Our results suggested that the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training involved downregulating the expression of key inflammatory factors and might play an important role in protecting hippocampal neurons against damage during the course of AD.