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Related Concept Videos

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
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When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
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Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
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NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
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¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

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Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
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Sidebands in CEST MR-How to recognize and avoid them.

Jan-Rüdiger Schüre1, Simon Weinmüller1, Lukas Kamm1

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Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pulsed Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) sequences can cause artifacts due to phase accumulation. Gradient spoiling during saturation trains is crucial to prevent misinterpreting these sidebands as actual CEST effects, especially in liquid environments.

Keywords:
CESTartifactsgradient spoilingphase‐cyclingpulsed CEST imagingpulseq‐CESTsidebands

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Pulsed Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) sequences are essential for clinical MRI to manage amplifier power and specific absorption rate (SAR).
  • Magnetization can accumulate relative phases during off-resonant radiofrequency (RF) irradiation and interpulse delays in pulsed CEST sequences.
  • These accumulated phases can lead to artifacts if not properly managed, particularly without interpulse gradient spoiling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nature and impact of sideband artifacts in pulsed CEST sequences.
  • To demonstrate the importance of considering magnetization phase accumulation during pulsed CEST acquisition.
  • To highlight the role of gradient spoiling in mitigating artifacts in pulsed CEST.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a CEST-3D snapshot gradient-echo sequence at 3 Tesla for artifact investigation.
  • Performed Bloch-McConnell simulations using Pulseq-CEST.
  • Conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments to validate simulation findings.

Main Results:

  • Identified sidebands in Z-spectra, often requiring high sampling for clear visualization.
  • Observed that B0 inhomogeneities and RF phase cycling influence sideband structures.
  • Found sidebands predominantly in liquid compartments like cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in vivo.
  • Demonstrated that interpulse gradient spoiling effectively suppresses multi-pulse sidebands.

Conclusions:

  • Pulsed CEST experiments are susceptible to sideband artifacts, influenced by gradient and RF spoiling, similar to imaging sequences.
  • Gradient spoiling is vital to prevent misinterpreting sidebands as true CEST effects, particularly in liquid environments, pathological tissues, or near water resonances.
  • Recommends simulating pulsed CEST sequences beforehand to avoid potential artifacts and ensure accurate results.