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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Updated: Jul 4, 2025

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Thyroid Cancer: A Review.

Laura Boucai1, Mark Zafereo2, Maria E Cabanillas3

  • 1Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.

JAMA
|February 6, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers thyroid cancer diagnosis and management, highlighting that most well-differentiated thyroid cancers are curable with surgery and radioactive iodine, while advanced cases benefit from targeted therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Thyroid carcinoma incidence in the US is significant, with an estimated 43,720 new cases in 2023.
  • The overall 5-year relative survival rate for thyroid cancer is approximately 98.5%.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes current evidence on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management strategies for both early-stage and advanced thyroid cancer.
  • It examines various subtypes, including papillary, follicular, oncocytic, poorly differentiated, anaplastic, and medullary thyroid cancers.

Key Points:

  • Well-differentiated thyroid cancers, such as papillary and follicular types, are often asymptomatic and detected incidentally.
  • For localized disease, surgery and/or radioactive iodine are curative.
  • Advanced or metastatic thyroid cancer management includes surgical resection, stereotactic body irradiation, antiangiogenic multikinase inhibitors, and targeted therapies based on specific genetic mutations.

Conclusions:

  • Surgery remains the primary curative treatment for most well-differentiated thyroid cancers.
  • Radioactive iodine therapy enhances survival for high-risk patients.
  • Emerging therapies like antiangiogenic multikinase inhibitors and mutation-targeted treatments are crucial for managing metastatic and refractory thyroid cancer.