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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

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Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...
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Incremental Progress in Pharmacotherapy for Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes.

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Type 2 diabetes is increasingly diagnosed in young people worldwide, with over 41,600 new cases annually. This condition disproportionately impacts minority and lower socioeconomic groups, with rising rates in non-White populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes is emerging as a significant health concern in pediatric populations globally.
  • An estimated 41,600 new cases of youth-onset type 2 diabetes are diagnosed annually worldwide.

Discussion:

  • The incidence of type 2 diabetes in youth is rising steeply across diverse populations.
  • Certain underrepresented groups, including migrants and those of lower socioeconomic status, experience a disproportionate burden of this disease.
  • Annual increases in type 2 diabetes incidence among some non-White racial groups now exceed those observed for type 1 diabetes.

Key Insights:

  • Type 2 diabetes is no longer exclusively an adult disease; it is now well-established in youth.
  • The disease's prevalence is growing rapidly in pediatric age groups.
  • Disparities in diagnosis rates are evident among vulnerable youth populations.

Outlook:

  • Continued monitoring and research are crucial to understand and address the rising trends of pediatric type 2 diabetes.
  • Public health strategies must focus on addressing the socioeconomic and racial disparities associated with youth-onset type 2 diabetes.
  • Interventions aimed at prevention and early management are essential for affected youth populations.