Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 4, 2025
07:38
A General Method for Detecting Nitrosamide Formation in the In Vitro Metabolism of Nitrosamines by Cytochrome P450s
Published on: September 25, 2017
10.1K
Biosynthesis of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: Synthesis Method, Enzyme, and Biocatalytic System
Feng Cheng1,2,3, Ke-Xin Li1,2,3, Shan-Shan Wu1,2,3
1Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
|February 8, 2024
Summary
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) production is shifting towards greener biosynthesis. Enzymatic routes, particularly those using nicotinamide riboside kinase (NRK), offer efficient and sustainable methods for NMN synthesis.
Area of Science:
- Biotechnology
- Biochemical Engineering
- Metabolic Engineering
Background:
- Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a popular functional food ingredient.
- Current industrial NMN production relies on chemical synthesis, facing challenges with purification, regulation, and cost.
- Biosynthesis offers a more sustainable and cost-effective alternative.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review and assess various NMN synthesis methods.
- To highlight the potential of enzymatic biosynthesis, especially NRK-mediated pathways.
- To provide insights for developing green and sustainable NMN production.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on NMN synthesis routes.
- Comparative analysis of chemical synthesis versus biosynthesis (fermentation and enzymatic catalysis).
- Focus on nicotinamide riboside kinase (NRK)-mediated enzymatic synthesis.
Main Results:
- Enzymatic NMN synthesis, particularly NRK-mediated routes, presents advantages in efficiency, sustainability, and specificity over chemical methods.
- Optimizing NRK activity and stability is crucial for effective biosynthesis.
- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) regeneration systems significantly enhance NRK-catalyzed NMN synthesis efficiency.
Conclusions:
- NRK-mediated biosynthesis is a promising, sustainable, and economical approach for NMN production.
- Further research into engineered NRK and ATP regeneration systems can optimize NMN synthesis.
- This review serves as a guide for researchers in green NMN production and optimization.
Related Concept Videos
01:29Role of Reduced Coenzymes NADH and FADH₂
11.5K
The energy released from the breakdown of the chemical bonds within nutrients can be stored either through the reduction of electron carriers or in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In living systems, a small class of compounds functions as mobile electron carriers, molecules that bind to and shuttle high-energy electrons between compounds in pathways. The principal electron carriers that will be considered originate from the B vitamin group and are derivatives of nucleotides; they are...
11.5K
01:29Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds
3.6K
Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
3.6K
01:28ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis
5.6K
Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
Conversion of...
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
Conversion of...
5.6K
01:28Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism
30.7K
Lipids also are sources of energy that power cellular processes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but these atoms are arranged differently. Most lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
Fatty acids are catabolized in a process called beta-oxidation, which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and converts their fatty acid chains into two-carbon units of acetyl groups. The acetyl...
Fatty acids are catabolized in a process called beta-oxidation, which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and converts their fatty acid chains into two-carbon units of acetyl groups. The acetyl...
30.7K
01:12Preparation of Nitriles
2.0K
One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...
2.0K
02:36The Citric Acid Cycle
151.5K
The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, consists of several energy-generating reactions that yield one ATP molecule, three NADH molecules, one FADH2 molecule, and two CO2 molecules.
151.5K