Label-free and highly-sensitive detection of calcium ions using a silicon-on-sapphire light-addressable...

Ionic calcium (Ca²⁺) plays a crucial role in maintaining normal physiological and biochemical functions within the human body. Detecting the concentration of Ca²⁺ is of utmost significance for various purposes, including disease screening, cellular metabolism research, and evaluating drug effectiveness. However, current detection approaches such as fluorescence and colorimetry face limitations due to complex labeling techniques and the inability to track changes in Ca²⁺ concentration. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted in this field to explore label-free and efficient approaches.

In this study, a novel light-addressed potentiometric sensor (LAPS) using silicon-on-sapphire technology, has been successfully developed for Ca²⁺ sensing. The Ca²⁺-sensitive LAPS achieved a wide-range detection of Ca²⁺, ranging from 10^-2 M to 10^-7 M, with an impressive detection limit of 100 nM. These advancements are attributed to the ultra-thin silicon layer, silicon dioxide layer, and solid-state silicon rubber sensitive membrane around 6 μm. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrated the ability to dynamically monitor fluctuations in Ca²⁺ concentration ranging from 10^-9 M to 10^-2 M within a solution. Its remarkable selectivity, specificity, and long-term stability have facilitated its successful application in the detection of Ca²⁺ in human serum and urine.

This work presents a Ca²⁺-sensitive sensor that combines a low detection limit and a wide detection range. The development represents the emergence of a label-free and rapid Ca²⁺ detection tool with immense prospects in home-based health monitoring, community disease screening, as well as cellular metabolism, and drug screening evaluations.