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Cranio-Facial Characteristics in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Scoping Review
Giuseppe Quatrosi1, Dario Genovese2, Giuseppe Galliano2
1Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
Journal of Clinical Medicine
|February 10, 2024
Summary
Facial characteristics like increased intercanthal distance and reduced facial midline height may indicate more severe autism symptoms. These craniofacial anomalies could serve as potential biomarkers for early autism spectrum disorder (ASD) identification.
Area of Science:
- Neurodevelopmental disorders
- Genetics and epigenetics
- Biomarkers
Background:
- Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition affecting social interaction, communication, and behavior.
- Craniofacial anomalies are recognized risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders, prompting investigation into their link with ASD.
- Identifying reliable biomarkers is crucial for early ASD diagnosis and intervention.
Purpose of the Study:
- To conduct a scoping review of recent scientific literature on craniofacial characteristics in individuals with ASD.
- To explore the potential of facial morphology as a diagnostic biomarker for ASD.
- To investigate the association between specific facial phenotypes and ASD symptom severity.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and ERIC databases using specific keywords related to ASD and facial morphology.
- Inclusion of seven studies that utilized quantitative analysis of craniofacial landmarks.
- Focus on recent research advancements in the field.
Main Results:
- Facial abnormalities, including increased intercanthal distance and reduced facial midline height, are associated with greater ASD symptom severity.
- Facial asymmetry and facial masculinity are potential indicators of more severe ASD manifestations.
- Anthropometric and instrumental measurements of facial phenotypes may predict ASD symptom severity.
Conclusions:
- Examination of facial abnormalities offers a potential reliable biomarker for the timely identification of ASD.
- Specific craniofacial phenotypes can serve as predictive indicators for ASD symptom severity.
- Further research into facial morphology could enhance early ASD diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies.
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