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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

Published on: February 25, 2016

The Bodily Self : How the Social Environment Influences Cardiac Interoceptive Accuracy.

Julia Verbe^1,2,3, Raphaël Gautier^1,2, Marianne Latinus^1,2

¹EXcellence Center in Autism and neurodevelopmental disorders - Tours = Centre d'Excellence Autisme et Troubles du Neurodéveloppement - Tours, CHRU de Tours, 2 boulevard Tonnellé, Tours Cedex 9, 37044, France.

Human Nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)

|July 8, 2026

Summary

The mere presence of others significantly reduces cardiac interoceptive accuracy, impacting bodily self-awareness. This suggests our sense of self is inherently social and influenced by external cues.

Keywords:

Heartbeats Interoception Physiology Psychopathology Social cognition

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Observing the Transformation of Bodily Self-consciousness in the Squeeze-machine Experiment

Observing the Transformation of Bodily Self-consciousness in the Squeeze-machine Experiment

Published on: March 8, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

Published on: February 25, 2016

Observing the Transformation of Bodily Self-consciousness in the Squeeze-machine Experiment

Observing the Transformation of Bodily Self-consciousness in the Squeeze-machine Experiment

Published on: March 8, 2019

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Science
Social Psychology

Background:

The embodied self arises from interactions between internal bodily signals and external sensory information.
Interoception, the awareness of internal bodily states, is crucial for self-consciousness and social cognition.
While social contexts affect interoceptive accuracy (IAcc), the impact of passive social presence is understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how social exteroception influences cardiac interoceptive accuracy.
To explore the role of passive social presence in modulating bodily self-awareness.

Main Methods:

A heartbeat counting task was employed to measure interoceptive accuracy.
Participants (N=32) completed the task in a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE).
Conditions included both social and non-social exteroceptive cues to assess social influence.

Main Results:

The presence of social cues significantly decreased interoceptive accuracy (IAcc).
Even minimal social stimuli can alter internal bodily awareness.
Findings align with attentional competition and predictive coding models.

Conclusions:

The embodied self is dynamically influenced by the social environment.
Passive social presence impacts interoception, highlighting the relational nature of self.
Methodological considerations for interoception research include accounting for social context effects.