Physiological effects of maize stressed by HPPD inhibitor herbicides via multi-spectral technology and...

Understanding the physiological effects of herbicides on crops is crucial for crop production and environmental management. The effects of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor (HPPDi) herbicides at different concentrations on chlorophyll content in maize leaves, fresh weight of roots, stems and leaves, and fluorescence substances and functional groups in root exudates (REs) were studied by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and two-dimensional correlation analysis (2D-COS). The results showed that 5 mg/L and 10 mg/L HPPDi herbicides inhibited the synthesis of chlorophyll in maize leaves. The weight of roots, stems and leaves of maize after application was lighter than that of the control group. HPPDi herbicides affected the early growth of maize seedlings, and the effect was most obvious at high concentration. Synchronous fluorescence spectrum and three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence spectrum revealed that the fluorescence intensity of protein, fulvic acid and humic acid in maize REs changed prominently. With the increase of HPPDi herbicides concentration, the fluorescence intensity decreased gradually. Through FTIR and 2D-COS, functional groups such as C-H, CO, Cl, NO₃^-, C-O and O-H were found to participate in the interaction between HPPDi herbicides and maize REs as binding sites. C-O, C-Cl and C-C have the strongest binding ability, while CC and CO of aromatic rings, quinones or ketones first take part in the binding between HPPDi herbicides and maize REs. The results can provide a theoretical basis for evaluating the safety of HPPDi herbicides on maize and a method for discovering the effects of pesticides on environmental media and plant physiological effects.