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Related Concept Videos

Nociception01:44

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
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Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

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Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
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Pain01:20

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Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2025

The Use of Thermal Infra-Red Imaging to Detect Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
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Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness Alters Mechanical Sensitivity, but Not Thermal Sensitivity or Pain Modulatory Function.

Jessica Peterson1,2,3, Grant Chesbro1, Michael G Bemben1

  • 1Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.

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|February 13, 2024
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Summary

Exercise-induced muscle damage causes localized pain sensitivity, unlike chronic inflammatory pain which affects the whole body. This study used exercise to model acute inflammation and assess pain responses.

Keywords:
acute inflammationexercise induced muscle damagepain modulationpain sensitivity

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Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
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Area of Science:

  • Pain research
  • Exercise physiology
  • Musculoskeletal health

Background:

  • Chronic musculoskeletal pain often involves inflammation that sensitizes nociceptors.
  • It remains unclear if inflammation affects all nociceptors uniformly.
  • Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) offers a model to study inflammatory pain in healthy individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of EIMD on sensitivity to various pain stimuli.
  • To assess EIMD's effect on central pain processing and endogenous pain modulation.
  • To compare inflammatory pain responses in an acute EIMD model versus chronic pain conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Eighteen healthy participants underwent pain sensitivity testing before and after an eccentric knee extension protocol designed to induce muscle damage.
  • The protocol involved 6 rounds of 10 eccentric knee extensions, quantifying EIMD through force decrements, range-of-motion changes, and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).
  • Pain sensitivity was evaluated using pressure and thermal stimuli, and central pain processing was assessed via the nociceptive flexion reflex.

Main Results:

  • A significant decrease in pressure pain sensitivity was observed in the damaged leg post-exercise (p=0.002).
  • No significant changes in thermal pain sensitivity were found.
  • Central pain processing and endogenous pain modulation were not significantly altered by the EIMD protocol.

Conclusions:

  • Acute inflammation induced by EIMD primarily results in localized peripheral hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli.
  • This localized response contrasts with the widespread hypersensitivity seen in chronic inflammatory pain conditions.
  • EIMD may not fully replicate the global nociceptor sensitization characteristic of chronic inflammatory pain.