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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Liver Physiology01:30

Liver Physiology

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The liver, an essential organ in the human body, performs over 200 vital functions that can be broadly categorized into metabolic, hematological, endocrine regulation, and bile production.
Metabolic Regulation:
The liver is the central organ involved in regulating blood composition. It stabilizes blood glucose levels, maintaining them within the range of  70–110 mg/dL. When these levels drop, the liver breaks down glycogen reserves and releases glucose into the bloodstream. It can...
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Hepatic Drug Excretion: Influencing Factors01:16

Hepatic Drug Excretion: Influencing Factors

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The biliary system of the liver, crucial for bile secretion and drug excretion, comprises intrahepatic bile ducts that merge to form the common hepatic duct. This duct, carrying hepatic bile, combines with the cystic duct, draining the gallbladder and forming the common bile duct, which empties into the duodenum. Bile, produced by hepatic cells lining the bile canaliculi, is composed primarily of water, bile salts, pigments, electrolytes, and lesser amounts of cholesterol and fatty acids. Bile...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2025

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

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Co-Morbid Hypothyroidism and Liver Dysfunction: A Review.

Ernest Yorke1

  • 1Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana.

Clinical Medicine Insights. Endocrinology and Diabetes
|February 13, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormones are crucial for liver function. Hypothyroidism can cause liver issues like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which often improves when thyroid levels normalize.

Keywords:
Hypothyroidismhepatic dysfunctionliver dysfunctionthyroid dysfunction

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Hepatology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • The liver and thyroid hormones intricately regulate homeostasis.
  • Adequate thyroid hormone levels are essential for optimal liver metabolic functions.
  • Thyroid hormone deficiency can precipitate liver dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted interactions between the liver and thyroid hormones.
  • To highlight the association between hypothyroidism and various liver conditions, particularly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
  • To emphasize the need for further research comparing hypothyroid-related NAFLD with primary NAFLD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on thyroid-liver interactions.
  • Analysis of clinical associations between hypothyroidism and liver dysfunction.
  • Discussion of diagnostic challenges and therapeutic considerations.

Main Results:

  • Hypothyroidism is linked to abnormal lipid metabolism, NAFLD, myopathy, and gallstones.
  • Hepatic dysfunction in hypothyroidism is generally reversible upon thyroid status normalization.
  • Overlapping symptoms between liver disease and hypothyroidism can delay diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • The liver's metabolic functions are highly dependent on thyroid hormones.
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant comorbidity of hypothyroidism.
  • Prompt diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroidism are crucial, especially given overlapping symptoms with liver dysfunction.