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Related Concept Videos

Gene Flow02:39

Gene Flow

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Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.
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Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process...
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Hybrid Zones02:29

Hybrid Zones

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Hybrid zones are narrow regions where two closely related species interact, mate, and produce hybrids. Relative to either parent species, hybrids may possess distinct phenotypic or genetic differences that impact their survival and reproductive success. The genetic variances introduced by hybridization influence species diversity and speciation processes within the hybrid zone.
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Genetic Drift03:33

Genetic Drift

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Natural selection—probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism—increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and reproduction. However, evolution does not merely propagate favorable traits, nor does it always benefit populations.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2025

Protocol for Production of a Genetic Cross of the Rodent Malaria Parasites
13:39

Protocol for Production of a Genetic Cross of the Rodent Malaria Parasites

Published on: January 3, 2011

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Outcrossing increases resistance against coevolving parasites.

Samuel P Slowinski, Jennifer D Gresham, McKenna J Penley

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |February 14, 2024
    PubMed
    Summary

    Coevolving parasites maintain sexual reproduction in hosts by selecting against self-fertilized offspring, not by altering the host

    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary biology
    • Reproductive strategies
    • Parasite-host interactions

    Background:

    • Biparental sex, despite its costs, is prevalent in nature.
    • The Red Queen hypothesis suggests parasites drive the evolution of sexual reproduction.
    • Previous research linked parasite coevolution to high outcrossing rates in *Caenorhabditis elegans*.

    Approach:

    • Investigated three mechanisms: parasite-induced plastic changes in outcrossing, evolved changes in outcrossing, and differential fitness of selfed vs. outcrossed offspring.
    • Utilized the nematode host *Caenorhabditis elegans* and coevolving bacterial parasites.
    • Focused on offspring survival and outcrossing propensity across generations.

    Key Points:

    • No evidence found for parasites inducing plastic or evolved increases in host outcrossing rates.

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  • Parental outcrossing significantly enhanced offspring survival in the F2 generation under parasite pressure.
  • Selfed offspring experienced greater fitness loss when exposed to coevolving parasites.

    • Conclusions:

    • Coevolving parasites maintain biparental sex by imposing a fitness cost on self-fertilized offspring.
    • Selection against selfed offspring, rather than changes in host outcrossing propensity, is the primary mechanism.
    • This finding supports the Red Queen hypothesis in the context of host-parasite coevolution.