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Updated: Jul 3, 2025

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

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Differentiating MCI from depression through verbal memory scores.

Seyda Cankaya¹, Betul Yalciner², Melek Kandemir Yilmaz³

¹Alaaddin Keykubat University, Faculty of Medicine Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Alanya Turkey.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia (New York, N. Y.)

|February 15, 2024

Summary

Major depressive disorder (MDD) patients showed better verbal learning than mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients. Brain MRI revealed more atrophy in MCI, with impaired immediate memory and education predicting MCI.

Keywords:

MCI MRI VMPT depression

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A Machine Learning Approach to Design an Efficient Selective Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment

A Machine Learning Approach to Design an Efficient Selective Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment

Published on: January 11, 2020

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Psychology
Radiology

Background:

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) share overlapping symptoms, necessitating differential diagnosis.
Understanding distinct cognitive profiles and neuroimaging markers is crucial for accurate diagnosis and prognosis.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare verbal learning profiles between MDD and MCI patients.
To assess structural brain changes using MRI in both groups.
To identify predictors for MCI.

Main Methods:

Fifty-six MDD and 31 MCI patients underwent the Turkish Verbal Memory Processes Test (VMPT).
Brain MRI evaluated atrophy and white matter hyperintensities using the Modified Visual MRI Rating Scale (MVMRS).
Beck Depression Inventory assessed depressive symptoms; logistic regression analyzed predictors.

Main Results:

MDD patients exhibited significantly higher VMPT scores (immediate memory, learning, delayed recall) than MCI patients.
MCI patients showed significantly higher total MVMRS and sulcal atrophy (SA) scores, indicating greater brain atrophy.
Impaired immediate memory, increased SA, and lower education levels were significant predictors of MCI.

Conclusions:

The Turkish Verbal Memory Processes Test (VMPT) demonstrates potential as a neuropsychiatric tool for differentiating MDD and MCI.
Combining VMPT with MRI-based morphometric evaluations like MVMRS may enhance diagnostic accuracy for MCI.