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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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What is the Immune System?01:38

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Overview
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Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
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Aire in Autoimmunity.

Corey N Miller1,2, Michael R Waterfield3, James M Gardner1,4

  • 1Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; email: james.gardner@ucsf.edu, mark.anderson@ucsf.edu.

Annual Review of Immunology
|February 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The autoimmune regulator (Aire) is crucial for immune tolerance. Recent genomics reveal new insights into Aire

Keywords:
AireJanus cellsautoimmunityeTACsimmune tolerancemimetic cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The autoimmune regulator (Aire) has been studied for over 20 years for its role in central immune tolerance.
  • Human genetics and genotype-phenotype correlations have been key to understanding Aire's function and associated autoimmunity.
  • Aire mutations have significant implications for human health and diverse autoimmune conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in Aire biology, particularly from single-cell genomics.
  • To explore emerging trends in medullary thymic epithelial diversity and Aire's role in thymic development.
  • To discuss the molecular mechanisms of Aire and its interactions, as well as extrathymic Aire-expressing cells (eTACs).

Main Methods:

  • Review of human genetics and genotype-phenotype correlations.
  • Analysis of advanced single-cell genomics data.
  • Exploration of emerging research on Aire molecular mechanisms and eTACs.

Main Results:

  • Aire's critical role in establishing central immune tolerance and thymic self-representation is further elucidated by new genomic technologies.
  • Aire mutations are linked to a spectrum of autoimmune diseases with broad health implications.
  • Emerging research highlights Aire's involvement in thymic epithelial development, molecular interactions, and the function of extrathymic Aire-expressing cells (eTACs), including novel Janus cells.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced genomics are providing unprecedented insights into Aire biology and its multifaceted roles.
  • Understanding Aire's function is vital for comprehending and potentially treating autoimmune diseases.
  • Further research into Aire, eTACs, and Janus cells holds promise for advancing immune homeostasis knowledge.