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Insights into the interplay between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and multiple sclerosis (MS): A state-of-the-art review
Mahtab Mohammadzamani1, Kimia Kazemzadeh2, Swati Chand3
1Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran.
Background And Aims:
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). MS results from an inflammatory process leading to the loss of neural tissue and increased disability over time. The role of Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), as one of the most common global viruses, in MS development has been the subject of several studies. However, many related questions are still unanswered. This study aimed to review the connection between MS and EBV and provide a quick outline of MS prevention using EBV vaccination.
Methods:
For this narrative review, an extensive literature search using specific terms was conducted across online databases, including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, to identify pertinent studies.
Results:
Several studies proved that almost 100% of people with MS showed a history of EBV infection, and there was an association between high titers of EBV antibodies and an increased risk of MS development. Various hypotheses are proposed for how EBV may contribute to MS directly and indirectly: (1) Molecular Mimicry, (2) Mistaken Self, (3) Bystander Damage, and (4) Autoreactive B cells infected with EBV.
Conclusion:
Given the infectious nature of EBV and its ability to elude the immune system, EBV emerges as a strong candidate for being the underlying cause of MS. The development of an EBV vaccine holds promise for preventing MS; however, overcoming the challenge of creating a safe and efficacious vaccine presents a significant obstacle.
Insights
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection is strongly linked to Multiple Sclerosis (MS) development. An EBV vaccine could potentially prevent MS, but creating an effective vaccine remains a significant challenge.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Immunology
- Virology
Background:
- Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS).
- MS pathogenesis involves inflammation, neural tissue loss, and accumulating disability.
- The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), a widespread virus, is investigated for its potential role in MS etiology.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the scientific literature connecting MS and EBV.
- To outline potential MS prevention strategies through EBV vaccination.
Main Methods:
- A comprehensive narrative review of studies was performed.
- Literature search conducted across major scientific databases (PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar).
Main Results:
- Nearly all MS patients exhibit a history of EBV infection.
- Elevated EBV antibody titers correlate with increased MS risk.
- Proposed mechanisms include molecular mimicry, mistaken self, bystander damage, and EBV-infected autoreactive B cells.
Conclusions:
- EBV's characteristics suggest it as a potential underlying cause of MS.
- An EBV vaccine offers a promising avenue for MS prevention.
- Developing a safe and effective EBV vaccine is a critical hurdle.
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