Subchorionic hematoma: Research status and pathogenesis (Review)

Subchorionic hematoma (SCH) is a hematoma in which blood accumulates between the chorion and decidua basalis due to the separation of the chorion and decidua basalis. It is common in patients with threatened abortion in early pregnancy and is mainly detected by ultrasound. SCH mainly manifests as an hypoechoic or anechoic crescent-shaped fluid dark area on ultrasound images. Although there are numerous studies on SCH, its pathogenesis and etiology remain unclear, and its influence on pregnancy outcomes is also controversial; there are also no uniform clinical treatment guidelines. Current studies suggest that the occurrence of SCH may be related to several factors, such as abnormal coagulation function, autoimmune factors of pregnant women, assisted reproduction, drug use during pregnancy and reproductive tract infection; however, its exact etiology remains unclear. Some studies suggest that SCH is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as miscarriage, preterm birth, preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction, although other studies have found that SCH does not increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, the present review mainly discusses the pathogenesis, etiology and treatment of SCH in an aim to provide a reference for the clinical treatment of this condition in pregnant women.