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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2025

Measurement of T Cell Alloreactivity Using Imaging Flow Cytometry
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T cell help shapes B cell tolerance.

Elliot H Akama-Garren1,2, Xihui Yin3, Tyler R Prestwood3

  • 1Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Science Immunology
|February 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

T cell help is essential for autoreactive germinal centers to form and persist. T cell receptor specificity dictates the loss of B cell tolerance and the extent of epitope spreading in autoimmune responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Autoimmunity
  • Humoral Immunity

Background:

  • T cell help is vital for adaptive immunity, but its role in regulating autoreactive B cell responses is not fully understood.
  • Autoreactive germinal centers are key sites for the development of autoimmune diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of T cell help in the formation and maintenance of autoreactive germinal centers.
  • To determine if T cell receptor (TCR) specificity influences the initiation and progression of autoreactive B cell responses.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized retrogenic chimera models in mice.
  • Transduced T cells with candidate TCRs, including autoreactive and foreign antigen-specific TCRs.
  • Analyzed the formation and persistence of germinal centers.

Main Results:

  • Autoreactive germinal centers require T cell help for their development and sustenance.
  • A T cell repertoire restricted to a single autoreactive TCR, but not a foreign antigen-specific TCR, can initiate autoreactive germinal centers.
  • TCR specificity of follicular T cells modulates epitope spreading by controlling wild-type B cell entry into autoreactive germinal centers.

Conclusions:

  • T cell help, dependent on TCR specificity, can promote the loss of B cell tolerance.
  • The specificity of the TCR is a critical determinant of epitope spreading in the context of autoimmunity.