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Related Concept Videos

TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
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Updated: Jul 2, 2025

Site-Directed Immobilization of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 to Solid Surfaces by Click Chemistry
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Site-Directed Immobilization of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 to Solid Surfaces by Click Chemistry

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Optimal Performance Objectives in the Highly Conserved Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling Pathway.

Razeen Shaikh, Nissa J Larson, Donny Hanjaya-Putra

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |February 19, 2024
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The BMP-Smad pathway balances cellular response speed, noise filtering, and sensitivity by adjusting non-conserved parameters. This signaling pathway optimizes performance trade-offs, demonstrating context-specific tuning for diverse biological functions.

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    Isolation of Whole Cell Protein Lysates from Mouse Facial Processes and Cultured Palatal Mesenchyme Cells for Phosphoprotein Analysis
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    Last Updated: Jul 2, 2025

    Site-Directed Immobilization of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 to Solid Surfaces by Click Chemistry
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    Covalent Binding of BMP-2 on Surfaces Using a Self-assembled Monolayer Approach
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    Isolation of Whole Cell Protein Lysates from Mouse Facial Processes and Cultured Palatal Mesenchyme Cells for Phosphoprotein Analysis
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    Area of Science:

    • Cellular Biology
    • Systems Biology
    • Biochemistry

    Background:

    • Cell signaling pathways, like transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), are critical for cellular decision-making during development.
    • The BMP-Smad pathway is essential for various cellular responses but exhibits context-dependent system behaviors despite conserved connectivity.

    Conclusions:

    • Non-conserved parameters enable the Smad signaling pathway to achieve diverse performance objectives.
    • Signaling pathways can be optimally tuned for specific cellular contexts by modulating NCP concentrations.