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2D NMR: Homonuclear Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY)01:06

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Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy, or COSY, is a 2-dimensional NMR technique that provides information about coupled protons. Typically, the geminal and vicinal coupling are observed. For example, consider the COSY spectrum of ethyl acetate, where its 1D proton NMR spectrum is plotted along the vertical and horizontal axes with their corresponding chemical shift scale. Three spots on the diagonal corresponding to the three peaks in the 1D proton spectrum are called diagonal peaks. The COSY...
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Norton's theorem is a fundamental principle stating that a linear two-terminal circuit can be substituted with an equivalent circuit, which comprises a current source (ⅠN) in parallel with a resistor (RN). Here, ⅠN represents the short-circuit current flowing through the terminals, and RN stands for the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when all independent sources are deactivated. This implies that the circuit illustrated in Figure (a) can be exchanged with the...
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2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)01:19

2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)

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Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...
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Protons in identical electronic environments within a molecule are chemically equivalent and have the same chemical shift. The replacement test is a useful tool to identify chemical equivalence and predict NMR spectra. A substituent replaces each of the protons being examined and the resulting molecules are compared. If the same molecule is obtained, the protons are equivalent or homotopic. Replacement of any hydrogens in ethane by chlorine yields chloroethane because all six protons are...
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When analyzing a beam subjected to various loads, it is crucial to understand the internal forces and moments generated within the structure. These internal forces can be broadly classified into normal forces, shear forces, and bending moments. To determine these forces and moments, we use the method of sections and apply a specific sign convention based on their direction and the side of the section being analyzed.
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Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (COSY) is a powerful technique used in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study the correlations between nuclei of the same type within a molecule. It provides information about scalar couplings between adjacent nuclei, which helps determine connectivity and structural information. There are several COSY variants, each with its unique strengths and experimental parameters.
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A 2D Cryptographic Hash Function Incorporating Homomorphic Encryption for Secure Digital Signatures.

Akshay Wali1, Harikrishnan Ravichandran2, Saptarshi Das1,2,3,4

  • 1Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|February 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel user verification platform using 2D monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) memtransistors for secure cryptographic key generation and digital signatures. This approach enhances hardware information security primitives.

Keywords:
2D materialsdigital signatureshardware securityhash functionshomomorphic encryptionuser authentication

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Computer Science
  • Electrical Engineering

Background:

  • User authentication is crucial for secure information exchange, traditionally relying on asymmetric encryption and digital signatures.
  • Current methods involve public and private key pairs for identity verification.
  • Sensitive information requires robust security protocols to maintain integrity and confidentiality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a user verification platform utilizing integrated circuits (ICs) with 2D monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) memtransistors.
  • To demonstrate secure cryptographic key generation and the creation of distinct digital signatures.
  • To highlight the advantages of NOR-based hashing over conventional XOR-based encryption for hardware security.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of secure cryptographic keys by exploiting carrier trapping/detrapping stochasticity at the 2D/oxide interface.
  • Development of a secure one-way hash function using NOR logic manipulation.
  • Creation of digital signatures through homomorphic operations with various logic circuits (NAND, XOR, OR, NOT, AND).

Main Results:

  • Successful generation of secure cryptographic keys from the stochastic behavior of MoS2 memtransistors.
  • Distinct digital signatures were generated using NOR-based hashing and subsequent logical operations.
  • Decryption of signatures verified receiver authenticity, ensuring data integrity and confidentiality without revealing underlying information.

Conclusions:

  • 2D-based ICs, specifically MoS2 memtransistors, offer potential for developing critical hardware information security primitives.
  • NOR-based hashing presents advantages over conventional XOR-based encryption for digital signature generation.
  • The presented platform demonstrates a promising new direction for secure user authentication and data protection.