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Related Concept Videos

Intellectual Disability01:29

Intellectual Disability

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Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...
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Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Community-based interventions in mental health represent a paradigm shift from institution-centered care to treatments embedded within the fabric of local communities. By prioritizing inclusion and leveraging existing societal structures, this approach fosters a supportive environment conducive to addressing mental health challenges while promoting individual dignity and agency.
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Inclusive Fitness00:57

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Most altruistic behavior—in which one animal helps another at a cost to themselves—occurs between relatives. Scientists think these altruistic behaviors evolved because they increase the inclusive fitness of the animal providing help.
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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
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Inclusive Education, Intellectual Disabilities and the Demise of Full Inclusion.

Garry Hornby1, James M Kauffman2

  • 1Institute of Education, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.

Journal of Intelligence
|February 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Inclusive education for students with intellectual disabilities faces challenges due to their unique needs in developing essential life skills. Addressing these special needs remains a key obstacle for the full inclusion movement in mainstream schools.

Keywords:
full inclusioninclusive educationintellectual disabilitiesspecial education

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Area of Science:

  • Special Education
  • Disability Studies
  • Educational Psychology

Background:

  • Inclusive education is globally popular for learners with disabilities.
  • It is particularly controversial for students with intellectual disabilities due to their unique needs.
  • Key needs include social, vocational, and life skills for adult transition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss theory, practice, and research on inclusive education for students with intellectual disabilities.
  • To explore challenges in addressing the special needs of these students within the full inclusion movement.
  • To examine the impact of inclusion policies and research on students with intellectual disabilities in mainstream settings.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on theory, practice, and research.
  • Analysis of international drivers and implementation of full inclusion policies.
  • Examination of research on the effects of inclusive education for students with intellectual disabilities.

Main Results:

  • The full inclusion movement originated with students with intellectual disabilities.
  • Difficulties in meeting their special needs have created roadblocks to progress.
  • Implementation of inclusion policies worldwide presents practical challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Inclusive education for students with intellectual disabilities requires addressing specific needs for successful transition.
  • Further research and policy refinement are needed to overcome implementation barriers.
  • The effectiveness of inclusive practices for this population warrants continued investigation.