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Facial Gender-Affirming Surgery: Pitfalls, Complications, and How to Avoid Them
Jacquelyn Knox1, William Y Hoffman1
1Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus, Suite M-593, San Francisco, CA 94143-0932, USA.
Abstract:
Facial feminization is a complex undertaking requiring skill in both craniofacial and aesthetic plastic surgery. As in aesthetic procedures, understanding the patient's goals and setting realistic expectations in light of an individual's anatomy is critical. Both soft tissue and bone must be addressed to adequately soften masculine facial features. This article delves into specific anatomic areas and delineates some of the pathways to successful outcomes.
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