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Related Concept Videos

Genome Copying Errors02:46

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DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
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Compensatory mutations potentiate constructive neutral evolution by gene duplication.

Philippe C Després1,2,3,4, Alexandre K Dubé1,2,3,4,5, Jordan Grenier1,2,3

  • 1Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, G1V 0A6, Canada.

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Summary

Gene duplication allows proteins to evolve new functions. Deleterious mutations in duplicated genes can be buffered, leading to novel protein complexes through constructive neutral evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Structural biology

Background:

  • Protein complex assembly is crucial for biological functions.
  • Evolutionary transitions from homomeric to heteromeric complexes occur via gene duplication.
  • Intermolecular compensatory mutations can drive these transitions without adaptive evolution.

Approach:

  • Experimentally duplicated and evolved a homodimeric enzyme.
  • Identified deleterious mutations that inactivate individual homodimers.
  • Analyzed the structure of resulting heteromers.

Key Points:

  • Hundreds of deleterious mutations inactivate homodimers but yield functional heterodimers.
  • Heterodimer formation buffers losses of function through introduced asymmetry.
  • Subfunctionalization allows duplicated genes to acquire new roles.

Conclusions:

  • Gene duplication followed by deleterious mutations can lead to novel heteromeric complexes.
  • Constructive neutral evolution provides a mechanism for evolving complex protein interactions.
  • This process highlights how genetic redundancy can fuel evolutionary innovation.