New Multitarget Molecules Derived from Caffeine as Potentiators of the Cholinergic System

Cholinergic deficit is a characteristic factor of several pathologies, such as myasthenia gravis, some types of congenital myasthenic syndromes, and Alzheimer's Disease. Two molecular targets for its treatment are acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). In previous studies, we found that caffeine behaves as a partial nAChR agonist and confirmed that it inhibits AChE. Here, we present new bifunctional caffeine derivatives consisting of a theophylline ring connected to amino groups by different linkers. All of them were more potent AChE inhibitors than caffeine. Furthermore, although some of them also activated muscle nAChR as partial agonists, not all of them stabilized nAChR in its desensitized conformation. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying these results, we performed docking studies on AChE and nAChR. The nAChR agonist behavior of the compounds depends on their accessory group, whereas their ability to stabilize the receptor in a desensitized state depends on the interactions of the linker at the binding site. Our results show that the new compounds can inhibit AChE and activate nAChR with greater potency than caffeine and provide further information on the modulation mechanisms of pharmacological targets for the design of novel therapeutic interventions in cholinergic deficit.