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Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base02:30

Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base

50.5K
The reaction between a Brønsted-Lowry acid and water is called acid ionization. For example, when hydrogen fluoride dissolves in water and ionizes, protons are transferred from hydrogen fluoride molecules to water molecules, yielding hydronium ions and fluoride ions:
50.5K
Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

23.7K
Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
23.7K
SN1 Reaction: Mechanism02:25

SN1 Reaction: Mechanism

11.8K
Kinetic studies of ionization of a tertiary halide in a protic solvent suggest that only the substrate participates in the rate-determining step (slow step). The nucleophile is involved only after the slowest step. The SN1 reaction takes place in a multiple-step mechanism. 
Firstly, the haloalkane ionizes to generate a carbocation intermediate and a halide ion. This heterolytic cleavage is highly endothermic with large activation energy. The ionization of the substrate, facilitated by a...
11.8K
Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:34

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

8.4K
The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.
8.4K
Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation01:20

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

3.2K
An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...
3.2K
Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes02:45

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

14.1K
Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.
14.1K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2025

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
10:28

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Published on: May 27, 2018

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Reaction Pathways of Water Dimer Following Single Ionization.

Ivo S Vinklárek1, Hubertus Bromberger1, Nidin Vadassery1,2

  • 1Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A
|February 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers studied water dimer fragmentation after ionization, revealing 13 ion-radical pathways, including six new ones. This research offers insights into atmospheric chemistry and hydrogen-bonded systems.

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Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics
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Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2025

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Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization
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Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics
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Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Water dimer (H2O)2 is a key hydrogen-bonded system in Earth's atmosphere.
  • It serves as a model for understanding proton transfer and ionic dynamics in chemical and biochemical processes.
  • Studying water dimer provides insights into astro- and atmospheric chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the fragmentation pathways of ionized water dimer ((H2O)2+) after single ionization.
  • To identify and characterize all resulting ion products and their yields.
  • To present detailed reaction energetics for fragmentation pathways, including novel ones.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a purified molecular beam of water dimer.
  • Employed multimass ion imaging techniques for simultaneous detection of all ion products.
  • Analyzed ion yields and fragmentation energetics.

Main Results:

  • Successfully detected all ion products from (H2O)2+ fragmentation.
  • Identified 13 ion-radical pathways, with 6 previously unreported.
  • Presented detailed data on ion yields and reaction energetics for these pathways.
  • Observed significant 18O-isotope effects, providing further mechanistic insights.

Conclusions:

  • The study comprehensively maps the fragmentation landscape of ionized water dimer.
  • New insights into hydrogen bonding and atmospheric water cluster chemistry are provided.
  • The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of fundamental processes in atmospheric and astrochemistry.