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The driving force behind tool-stone selection in the African Middle Stone Age
Patrick Schmidt1,2, Ioannis Pappas1, Guillaume Porraz3,4
1Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany.
Summary
Stone Age toolmakers in southern Africa selected rocks based on mechanical properties for optimal tool performance. This indicates early human engineers understood material science for tool production.
Area of Science:
- Archaeology
- Paleolithic studies
- Material science
Background:
- Stone tool production is a hallmark of early human technological development.
- Understanding raw material selection provides insights into cognitive abilities and resource management.
Purpose of the Study:
- Investigate the criteria for stone tool selection during the Middle Stone Age (MSA) in southern Africa.
- Determine if choices were based on material properties or landscape movement.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of mechanical properties (flaking predictability, force required for flaking) of tool-stones from Diepkloof Rock Shelter.
- Evaluation of tool quality through simulated use (scraping, cutting) and impact resistance tests.
Main Results:
- Stone tool selection during the Still Bay and Howiesons Poort periods was driven by a sophisticated understanding of mechanical properties.
- Toolmakers balanced desired tool performance with ease of acquisition and knapping.
Conclusions:
- Middle Stone Age toolmakers in Africa were skilled engineers, making informed decisions based on material workability and tool quality.
- This research highlights the advanced cognitive and technical capabilities of early humans in resource utilization.
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