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Related Concept Videos

Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2025

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
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[Using 2C-like cells to understand embryonic totipotency].

Lounis Yakhou1, Anaelle Azogui1, Pierre Therizols1

  • 1Équipe dynamiquede la méthylation de l'ADN des génomes eucaryotes, Centre épigénétique et destin cellulaire, UMR7216 CNRS, université Paris-Cité, 35 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.

Medecine Sciences : M/S
|February 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Totipotency, the ability of a cell to form an organism, is better understood through 2-cell like (2C-like) cells. These cells offer new models for studying human totipotency and its molecular underpinnings.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Totipotency defines the developmental potential of early embryonic cells, including zygotes and blastomeres.
  • Recent advancements have focused on understanding the molecular basis of totipotency.
  • The discovery of specific cell types has been crucial for this progress.

Conclusions:

  • The study of 2C-like cells has revolutionized the understanding of totipotency.
  • This research provides a foundation for developing novel cellular models of human totipotency.
  • Further investigation into these mechanisms can unlock new therapeutic potentials.