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Temperature Measurement Sites

Temperature Measurement Sites

A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...

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Updated: Jul 2, 2025

Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer

Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer

Published on: April 19, 2021

Optimal bilayer composites for temperature-tracking wireless electronics.

Doyoung Kim¹, Wooseok Kim¹, Jihwan Kim¹

¹Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea. sangminwon@skku.edu.

|February 27, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed advanced silicone epidermal electronics for precise body temperature monitoring. The innovative design uses a multi-layered composite to insulate against external heat while efficiently conducting heat from the skin.

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2025

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Biomedical Engineering
Wearable Technology

Background:

Silicone-based epidermal electronics are crucial for real-time body temperature sensing in preventive medicine and post-surgical monitoring.
A key challenge is regulating heat transfer between the electronics and the environment, affecting sensor accuracy.
Existing flexible electronics struggle with thermal management, limiting their application in dynamic conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

To engineer a cost-effective, multi-layered elastomeric composite for advanced epidermal electronic temperature sensors.
To optimize thermal insulation for air-contact surfaces and thermal conductivity for skin-contact surfaces.
To ensure mechanical compatibility (low modulus, high stretchability) with biological tissues.

Main Methods:

Embedding wireless electronics within a novel multi-layered elastomeric composite.
Incorporating hollow silica microspheres into the encapsulating layer to reduce thermal conductivity.
Integrating non-spherical aluminum nitride into the substrate layer to enhance thermal conductivity.
Engineering two composite elements with matching low modulus (3.4 MPa) and high stretchability (>30%).

Main Results:

Reduced thermal conductivity by 40% in the encapsulating layer using silica microspheres.
Increased thermal conductivity by 370% in the substrate layer using aluminum nitride.
Achieved a consistent low modulus of 3.4 MPa and stretchability exceeding 30% for both composite layers.
Confirmed precise body temperature monitoring capabilities over a single day, including the impact of behavioral factors.

Conclusions:

The developed multi-layered composite effectively addresses thermal management challenges in epidermal electronics.
The sensor demonstrates high accuracy for body temperature monitoring with excellent mechanical properties.
This technology advances wearable sensors for continuous health monitoring and personalized medicine.