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Heat is a type of energy transfer that is caused by a temperature difference, and it can change the temperature of an object. Since heat is a form of energy, its SI unit is the joule (J). Another common unit of energy often used for heat is the calorie (cal), which is defined as the energy needed to change the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C, specifically between 14.5 °C and 15.5 °C, since the energy needed shows a slight temperature dependence. Another commonly used unit is...
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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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How heat propagates in liquid 3He.

Kamran Behnia1, Kostya Trachenko2

  • 1Laboratoire de Physique et d'Étude des Matériaux, (ESPCI - CNRS - Sorbonne Université), PSL Research University, Paris, France. Kamran.Behnia@espci.fr.

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Normal liquid helium-3 deviates from standard behavior when fermion-fermion scattering time falls below Planckian time. Collective excitations, or sound modes, likely carry heat, explaining observed thermal conductivity.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Fluids

Background:

  • Landau's Fermi liquid theory describes transport via quasi-particle scattering.
  • Normal liquid 3He adheres to this theory only at very low temperatures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate deviations from standard Fermi liquid behavior in liquid 3He.
  • Identify the mechanism responsible for heat transport at higher temperatures.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed experimental data of liquid 3He from 0.007 K to 3 K.
  • Proposed a model incorporating quasi-particle and collective excitation contributions to thermal conductivity.

Main Results:

  • Observed that deviations correlate with fermion-fermion scattering times below the Planckian time.
  • Demonstrated that thermal diffusivity is bounded by fundamental constants.
  • Identified a sound mode with specific wavevector and mean free path as a heat carrier.
  • Showed that thermal conductivity is a sum of quasi-particle and sound contributions.

Conclusions:

  • Collective excitations (sound modes) act as significant heat carriers in liquid 3He.
  • The proposed two-component model accurately explains experimental thermal conductivity data.
  • Findings suggest a minimum thermal diffusivity bound applicable to quantum and classical liquids.