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Related Concept Videos

pH01:24

pH

The potential of hydrogen (pH) is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a water-based solution determined by the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+). In one liter of pure water at neutral pH, there are 1×10−7 moles of hydronium ions. However, the extensive range of hydronium ion concentrations present in water-based solutions makes measuring pH in moles cumbersome. Therefore, a pH scale was developed to convert moles of hydronium ions into the negative logarithm of the hydronium ion...
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Bioreactors are engineered vessels designed to cultivate microorganisms under controlled conditions for industrial bioprocessing. They maintain sterility and allow precise regulation of pH, temperature, oxygen, and nutrient levels to optimize microbial growth and metabolite production. Bioreactors range from small laboratory units of 1 liter to industrial systems holding up to 500,000 liters, though only about 75% of their volume is actively used for fermentation. The remaining headspace...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Tissue Engineering: Construction of a Multicellular 3D Scaffold for the Delivery of Layered Cell Sheets
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Engineering pH-Responsive, Self-Healing Vesicle-Type Artificial Tissues with Higher-Order Cooperative

Tomoya Kojima1, Yutaro Noguchi1, Koichi Terasaka1

  • 1Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|February 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Researchers created artificial tissues from vesicle protocells. These smart materials exhibit cooperative functions like cargo transport and self-healing, inspired by nature for soft robotics.

Keywords:
actuationartificial tissuesprotocellssalt bridgeself‐healingvesicles

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Area of Science:

  • Biomimetic materials science
  • Soft robotics
  • Protocell research

Background:

  • Multicellular organisms exhibit hierarchical organization, enabling complex cooperative functionalities.
  • Artificial tissues offer a platform for developing novel functional materials with emergent properties.
  • Protocells serve as simplified models for understanding cellular organization and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop artificial tissues from vesicle protocells.
  • To investigate higher-order cooperative functionalities in these artificial tissues.
  • To explore potential applications in soft robotics and intelligent materials.

Main Methods:

  • Assembly and manipulation of vesicle protocells using salt-bridge-triggered non-covalent interactions.
  • Utilizing pH-sensitive reversible formation and destruction of vesicle assemblies.
  • Demonstrating functionalities including cargo transportation, photo-induced contractions, and self-healing.

Main Results:

  • Successfully formed artificial tissues from vesicle protocells with emergent cooperative functionalities.
  • Demonstrated pH-sensitive reversible assembly and disassembly for controlled mechanical tasks.
  • Exhibited enhanced survivability and self-healing properties against external threats.

Conclusions:

  • Artificial vesicle tissues can be controllably assembled and disassembled in response to pH changes.
  • These artificial tissues display advanced functionalities such as cargo transport and self-healing.
  • The developed intelligent materials show promise for applications in environmentally specific soft robotics.