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Related Concept Videos

Ligand-gated Ion Channels01:19

Ligand-gated Ion Channels

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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins with a channel for ions to pass through and a binding site for a ligand. The channel opens only when a ligand attaches to the binding site.
Three Subfamilies of Ligand-gated Ion Channels
Ligand-gated ion channels fall into three subfamilies. The 'Cys-loop' includes the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. The second one is the 'Pore-loop' channels that...
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Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism

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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
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Facilitated Transport01:19

Facilitated Transport

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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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Voltage-gated Ion Channels01:26

Voltage-gated Ion Channels

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Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the membranes of all electrically excitable cells such as neurons, heart, and muscle cells.
Generally, all voltage-gated ion channels have a 'voltage-sensing domain' that spans the lipid bilayer. The charged residues in the sensor move in response to the membrane potential changes that open the channel allowing ions movement. There are several...
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Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

Non-gated Ion Channels

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Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
Compared to the gated ion channels, the non-gated channels, also known as leakage or passive channels, have no gating mechanism....
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Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels

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Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
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Related Experiment Video

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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

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Ligand-channel-enabled ultrafast Li-ion conduction.

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  • 1State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.

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New electrolyte design guidelines using small-sized solvents enable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to achieve high energy density, fast charging, and wide operating temperatures. This breakthrough addresses key limitations in current LIB technology for electric vehicles and aviation.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Electric vehicles and aviation require lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high energy density, fast charging, and wide operating temperature ranges.
  • Current LIB electrolytes face limitations in simultaneously achieving high ionic conductivity, low solvation energy, low melting point, and forming a stable inorganic interphase.
  • These limitations hinder the development of advanced LIBs for demanding applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish guidelines for designing advanced LIB electrolytes.
  • To enable electrolytes that simultaneously possess high ionic conductivity, low solvation energy, and form an anion-derived inorganic interphase.
  • To overcome the limitations of current electrolyte designs for extreme LIB applications.

Main Methods:

  • Proposed a design strategy utilizing small-sized solvents with low solvation energy.
  • Demonstrated the concept using fluoroacetonitrile (FAN) as the solvent.
  • Investigated the electrolyte's performance in 1.3 M lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) in FAN.

Main Results:

  • Achieved ultrahigh ionic conductivity (40.3 mS cm⁻¹ at 25°C and 11.9 mS cm⁻¹ at -70°C).
  • Enabled 4.5-V graphite||LiNi₀.₈Mn₀.₁Co₀.₁O₂ pouch cells to maintain high reversibility (-65°C).
  • Demonstrated simultaneous achievement of high energy density, fast charging, and wide operating temperatures.

Conclusions:

  • The small-sized solvent electrolyte design enables LIBs to overcome previous performance trade-offs.
  • This approach facilitates the development of LIBs for extreme temperature applications.
  • The proposed mechanism is generalizable to other metal-ion battery electrolytes.