Ligand-channel-enabled ultrafast Li-ion conduction

Li-ion batteries (LIBs) for electric vehicles and aviation demand high energy density, fast charging and a wide operating temperature range, which are virtually impossible because they require electrolytes to simultaneously have high ionic conductivity, low solvation energy and low melting point and form an anion-derived inorganic interphase^1-5. Here we report guidelines for designing such electrolytes by using small-sized solvents with low solvation energy. The tiny solvent in the secondary solvation sheath pulls out the Li⁺ in the primary solvation sheath to form a fast ion-conduction ligand channel to enhance Li⁺ transport, while the small-sized solvent with low solvation energy also allows the anion to enter the first Li⁺ solvation shell to form an inorganic-rich interphase. The electrolyte-design concept is demonstrated by using fluoroacetonitrile (FAN) solvent. The electrolyte of 1.3 M lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) in FAN exhibits ultrahigh ionic conductivity of 40.3 mS cm^-1 at 25 °C and 11.9 mS cm^-1 even at -70 °C, thus enabling 4.5-V graphite||LiNi_0.8Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂ pouch cells (1.2 Ah, 2.85 mAh cm^-2) to achieve high reversibility (0.62 Ah) when the cells are charged and discharged even at -65 °C. The electrolyte with small-sized solvents enables LIBs to simultaneously achieve high energy density, fast charging and a wide operating temperature range, which is unattainable for the current electrolyte design but is highly desired for extreme LIBs. This mechanism is generalizable and can be expanded to other metal-ion battery electrolytes.