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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules01:19

Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules

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Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are combinations of oxidation and reduction reactions, which occur at the same time. An oxidation reaction strips an electron from an atom in a compound, and the addition of this electron to another compound is a reduction reaction. Because oxidation and reduction usually occur together, these pairs of reactions are called redox reactions.
The removal of an electron from a molecule, results in a...
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Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

Redox Equilibria: Overview

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A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Role of Reduced Coenzymes NADH and FADH₂01:29

Role of Reduced Coenzymes NADH and FADH₂

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The energy released from the breakdown of the chemical bonds within nutrients can be stored either through the reduction of electron carriers or in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In living systems, a small class of compounds functions as mobile electron carriers, molecules that bind to and shuttle high-energy electrons between compounds in pathways. The principal electron carriers that will be considered originate from the B vitamin group and are derivatives of nucleotides; they are...
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Translating Extracellular Electron Transfer Activities with Organic Electrochemical Transistors
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Direct Electron Transfer-Type Oxidoreductases for Biomedical Applications.

Keisei Sowa1, Junko Okuda-Shimazaki2,3, Eole Fukawa1

  • 1Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan.

Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering
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Summary

Direct electron transfer (DET) enzymes are ideal for biosensors. This review explores DET-type oxidoreductases, their structure, and biomedical applications like energy harvesting and self-powered medical devices.

Keywords:
DET-type enzymebiosensorscontinuous monitoringdirect electron transferenergy harvestingfructose dehydrogenaseglucose dehydrogenase

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Area of Science:

  • Enzyme kinetics and electrochemistry
  • Biomedical engineering
  • Structural biology

Background:

  • Direct electron transfer (DET) enzymes are crucial for advanced biosensor technology.
  • Limited redox enzymes naturally facilitate DET with electrodes.
  • DET-type enzymes possess unique subunits or domains acting as internal electron mediators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the science of DET-type oxidoreductases.
  • To explore their structural biology and reaction mechanisms.
  • To highlight their biomedical applications and future potential.

Main Methods:

  • Review of structural biology and enzyme reaction mechanisms.
  • Analysis of technological developments in DET-type enzyme applications.
  • Discussion on enzyme engineering strategies.

Main Results:

  • DET-type enzymes, including oxidoreductases, enable efficient electron transfer to electrodes.
  • These enzymes are categorized by their cofactor, mediator function, or structural organization (oligomeric/monomeric).
  • Applications span biosensors and biochemical energy harvesting for medical devices.

Conclusions:

  • DET-type oxidoreductases offer significant potential for biomedical applications.
  • Further engineering can enhance their capabilities for diagnostics and self-powered devices.
  • Future prospects include advanced enzyme design for novel biomedical solutions.