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Cognitive Dissonance

Cognitive Dissonance

Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...

Reliability and Validity

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Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.

Surveys

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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.

Social Loafing

Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated,...

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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...

Robbers Cave

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During the 1950s, the landmark Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that when groups must compete with one another, intergroup conflict, hostility, and even violence may result. At the Oklahoman summer camp, two troops of boys—termed the Rattlers and the Eagles—took part in a week-long tournament. During this time, their negativity culminated in derogatory name-calling, fistfights, and even vandalism and destruction of property. However, this work also revealed that such tension...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2025

Mixed Reality for Education MRE Implementation and Results in Online Classes for Engineering

Mixed Reality for Education MRE Implementation and Results in Online Classes for Engineering

Published on: June 23, 2023

A realist evaluation of a multi-component program with disengaged students.

Emily C Owen¹, Camilla J Knight², Denise M Hill³

¹Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Swansea University, UK; Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, UK.

Evaluation and Program Planning

|March 2, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study explored how multi-component programs re-engage students not in education, employment, or training (NEET). Key factors include caring approaches, active learning, and exploring future life directions to reduce disaffection.

Keywords:

Adolescents Intervention Mentoring Multi-Component Physical Activity Realist Evaluation Sport Work-Based Placements

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Assessing the Multiple Dimensions of Engagement to Characterize Learning: A Neurophysiological Perspective

Assessing the Multiple Dimensions of Engagement to Characterize Learning: A Neurophysiological Perspective

Published on: July 1, 2015

Area of Science:

Psychology
Sociology
Education

Background:

Periods of not in education, employment, or training (NEET) correlate with poor mental health, social exclusion, and early death.
Effective programs are crucial for re-engaging at-risk youth, benefiting individuals, families, and society.

Approach:

A realist evaluation was used to examine how a multi-component program influences engagement, behavior, and psychosocial outcomes in disengaged students.
Initial program theories were developed through a literature review and stakeholder discussions.
Refined theories emerged from participant observations, video analysis, and 42 interviews with students and teachers.

Key Points:

Refined program theories highlight the importance of authority, collective experience, exploring life paths, constructivist learning, and a strengths-based, caring approach.
Understanding the interplay of context and mechanisms is key to program effectiveness.
Findings detail the structure of successful programs for disengaged students.

Conclusions:

The study provides a comprehensive understanding of program architecture for disengaged students at risk of NEET.
Findings inform the design of future interventions aimed at reducing student disaffection and improving psychosocial well-being.