Bet-hedging and variability in plant development: seed germination and beyond

When future conditions are unpredictable, bet-hedging strategies can be advantageous. This can involve isogenic individuals producing different phenotypes, under the same environmental conditions. Ecological studies provide evidence that variability in seed germination time has been selected for as a bet-hedging strategy. We demonstrate how variability in germination time found in Arabidopsis could function as a bet-hedging strategy in the face of unpredictable lethal stresses. Despite a body of knowledge on how the degree of seed dormancy versus germination is controlled, relatively little is known about how differences between isogenic seeds in a batch are generated. We review proposed mechanisms for generating variability in germination time and the current limitations and new possibilities for testing the model predictions. We then look beyond germination to the role of variability in seedling and adult plant growth and review new technologies for quantification of noisy gene expression dynamics. We discuss evidence for phenotypic variability in plant traits beyond germination being under genetic control and propose that variability in stress response gene expression could function as a bet-hedging strategy. We discuss open questions about how noisy gene expression could lead to between-plant heterogeneity in gene expression and phenotypes. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes and consequences of stochastic processes in development and disease'.