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    This study presents a novel one-dimensional pupil expansion diffractive optical waveguide system for augmented reality head-up displays (AR-HUDs). The system enhances eye-box size while maintaining illuminance uniformity for improved AR-HUD performance.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Display Technology
    • Optical Engineering

    Background:

    • Diffractive waveguide augmented reality head-up displays (AR-HUDs) offer reduced system volume compared to freeform mirror designs.
    • Key challenges include expanding the eye-box and maintaining illuminance uniformity for optimal performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a one-dimensional pupil expansion diffractive optical waveguide system for AR-HUDs.
    • To address the limitations of eye-box size and illuminance uniformity in diffractive waveguide AR-HUDs.

    Main Methods:

    • Optimization of grating parameters using scalar diffraction theory and rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).
    • Illuminance uniformity enhancement via non-sequential ray tracing.
    • Simulation and physical construction of the waveguide-based AR-HUD.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved an exit pupil size of 80 mm × 15 mm.
    • Realized a field of view of 10° × 5° at a wavelength of 532 nm.
    • Demonstrated successful implementation of the pupil expansion technique.

    Conclusions:

    • The presented diffractive optical waveguide system effectively expands the eye-box while maintaining illuminance uniformity.
    • This approach offers a viable solution for developing compact and high-performance AR-HUDs.
    • The study validates the optimization methods for diffractive optical elements in AR-HUD applications.