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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2025

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice
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Itaconate in host inflammation and defense.

Dan Ye1, Pu Wang1, Lei-Lei Chen1

  • 1Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: TEM
|March 6, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Itaconate (ITA) is a metabolite that regulates immune cell function during inflammation. ITA shows therapeutic potential for treating inflammatory diseases and cancer by modulating cellular metabolism and immune responses.

Keywords:
IRG1/ACOD1cancerinflammatory diseasesitaconate

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Metabolomics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Immune cells exhibit significant metabolic shifts during inflammation.
  • Metabolites act as crucial signaling molecules beyond energy and biosynthesis.
  • Itaconate (ITA) accumulates in myeloid cells during inflammatory stimuli.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the metabolism and regulation of itaconate (ITA).
  • To discuss ITA's protein targets and mechanisms of action.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of ITA for inflammatory diseases and cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of itaconate metabolism and function.
  • Analysis of ITA's intracellular and extracellular signaling pathways.
  • Examination of preclinical data on ITA's therapeutic effects.

Main Results:

  • ITA regulates intracellular proteins impacting metabolism, oxidative stress, epigenetics, and gene expression.
  • ITA signals extracellularly via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).
  • ITA administration confers protection against inflammatory diseases in models.
  • Blocking ITA production enhances antitumor immunity in preclinical settings.

Conclusions:

  • Itaconate is a key regulator of immune cell function during inflammation.
  • ITA's diverse mechanisms suggest its utility as a therapeutic agent.
  • Developing ITA-based therapeutics could address inflammatory conditions and cancer.