Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

Decision Making: Traditional Method

4.0K
The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is decided based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to this claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses, out of which a null hypothesis would be a...
4.0K
Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

109
Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
109
Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

Decision Making: P-value Method

5.3K
The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim  is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses:  a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can...
5.3K
Reason and Intuition01:37

Reason and Intuition

6.4K
The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
6.4K
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

240
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
240
Problem-Solving01:29

Problem-Solving

165
Effective problem-solving consists of two steps: 1. identifying the problem and 2. selecting the appropriate problem-solving strategy (i.e., a plan of action used to find a solution). Humans use four problem-solving strategies:
165

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Maximizing treatment response in patients with neuropathic-subtype postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome.

Frontiers in neurology·2026
Same author

Action video game playing impacts occupational screening for high-stakes professionals.

Communications psychology·2026
Same author

The Reward Positivity Tracks Positive Reward Prediction Errors From Feedback to Cues During Reinforcement Learning.

Psychophysiology·2026
Same author

Gaboxadol increases resting theta and alpha power without affecting evoked responses in fragile X syndrome in a home-based setting.

Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders·2026
Same author

All Is Relative-A Call for Considering "Physiologically Informed" Control Conditions to Improve the Mechanistic Understanding of the Effects of Physical Exercise on Cognition.

Scandinavian journal of psychology·2026
Same author

PLFest: A New Platform for Accessible, Reproducible, and Open Perceptual Learning Research.

Journal of cognitive enhancement : towards the integration of theory and practice·2026
Same journal

Sublexical semantic decoding during incidental novel word learning in natural Chinese reading.

Cognitive psychology·2026
Same journal

Seeing, hearing, and feeling causation.

Cognitive psychology·2026
Same journal

Separating decision and motor contributions to behavioral biases induced by manipulating stimulus probability.

Cognitive psychology·2026
Same journal

Congruency drives "conflict adaptation" independent of conflict: Converging evidence from behavior and computational modeling.

Cognitive psychology·2026
Same journal

Corrigendum to "Network analyses identify critical factors for facilitating future-oriented decision-making" [Cogn. Psychol. 165 (2026) 101815].

Cognitive psychology·2026
Same journal

The time course of local coherence effects in German: Evidence from self-paced reading times and event-related potentials.

Cognitive psychology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2025

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents
07:05

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Published on: September 10, 2018

6.0K

The structure and development of explore-exploit decision making.

Madeline B Harms1, Yuyan Xu1, C Shawn Green1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, United States.

Cognitive Psychology
|March 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human learning involves balancing known information with new experiences. Younger individuals explore more flexibly than adults, adapting learning strategies across development.

Keywords:
AdolescenceDecision-makingExploitationExplorationPrincipal component analysis

More Related Videos

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in Free Moving Rodents
07:42

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in Free Moving Rodents

Published on: August 2, 2018

13.6K
The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

5.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 1, 2025

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents
07:05

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Published on: September 10, 2018

6.0K
An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in Free Moving Rodents
07:42

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in Free Moving Rodents

Published on: August 2, 2018

13.6K
The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

5.7K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Human learning requires balancing exploitation of known information with exploration of novel experiences.
  • Understanding the developmental trajectory of exploration versus exploitation decision-making is crucial but remains poorly understood.
  • Exploration encompasses both random, undirected actions and directed efforts to reduce uncertainty.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the underlying component processes of exploration decisions in human learning.
  • To examine how these exploration processes change across different developmental stages (youth vs. adults).
  • To elucidate the adaptive mechanisms of learning in dynamic environments.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a variety of tasks designed to measure different facets of exploration.
  • Contrasted decision-making strategies between youth and adult participants.
  • Analyzed exploration decisions based on random and directed components.

Main Results:

  • Exploration decisions comprise both random, non-goal-directed exploration and directed exploration aimed at reducing uncertainty.
  • Both youth and adults exhibited these two components of exploration.
  • Younger participants demonstrated less strategic, yet more exploratory and flexible, decision-making compared to adults.

Conclusions:

  • Exploration is a multifaceted process involving both random and directed components, crucial for learning.
  • Developmental differences in exploration strategies highlight adaptive learning mechanisms.
  • Findings contribute to understanding how individuals navigate and learn from changing environments throughout life.