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Calorimetry in Computed Tomography Beams.

H Heather Chen-Mayer1, Ronald E Tosh1, Fred B Bateman1

  • 1National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
|March 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new portable calorimeter was developed for measuring absorbed dose in medical computed tomography (CT) scans. While accurate for high-energy X-rays, excess heat complicated measurements in CT beams, necessitating lower-atomic-number sensors for future designs.

Keywords:
CT doseabsorbed dosecalorimetermedium energy X-rayspolystyrenethermistor

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiological Dosimetry
  • Instrumentation

Background:

  • Accurate absorbed dose determination is crucial for patient safety in medical imaging.
  • Computed tomography (CT) procedures require specialized dosimetry methods due to their unique beam characteristics.
  • Existing dosimetry techniques may have limitations in direct realization of absorbed dose for CT.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To construct and evaluate a portable calorimeter for direct absorbed dose realization in CT procedures.
  • To compare calorimeter measurements with ionization chamber readings in both clinical accelerator and CT scanner beams.
  • To identify design considerations for future calorimeters intended for CT dosimetry.

Main Methods:

  • A portable calorimeter with polystyrene core and thermistors was designed for insertion into a high-density polyethylene phantom.
  • The calorimeter and a calibrated ionization chamber were used to measure absorbed dose in 6 MV X-ray and 120 kVp CT X-ray beams.
  • Measurements were performed at various dose rates, and data were analyzed in both frequency and time domains to assess calorimeter response and excess heat.

Main Results:

  • The calorimeter showed good agreement with the ionization chamber for 6 MV X-rays, with negligible excess heat.
  • For the 120 kVp CT beam, calorimeter response was significantly affected by excess heat (factor of ~15 increase in temperature rise).
  • The thermistor's high-atomic-number composition dominated the calorimeter's response in the CT beam, indicating a need for different sensor materials.

Conclusions:

  • The developed portable calorimeter is suitable for absorbed dose measurements in high-energy X-ray beams but requires modification for CT applications.
  • Excess heat generated within the calorimeter components is a significant challenge for CT dosimetry.
  • Future CT-compatible calorimeters should utilize low-atomic-number temperature sensors to improve accuracy and reliability.