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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Transposable elements and xenobiotic resistance.

Richard H Ffrench-Constant1

  • 1Center for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter in Cornwall, Penryn, United Kingdom.

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Summary

Transposable elements (TEs) may drive insecticide resistance by altering gene expression, but functional proof is often missing. Further research is needed to validate the biological significance of TE insertions in pest resistance.

Keywords:
insectinsecticideresistancetransposable elementtransposon

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Entomology

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic sequences known to influence evolution.
  • Their role in insecticide resistance across various organisms is not well-established.
  • Existing evidence often shows correlation rather than causation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential mechanisms by which transposons contribute to insecticide resistance.
  • To identify knowledge gaps and areas requiring further investigation.
  • To discuss methods for validating the functional role of TEs in resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on transposons and insecticide resistance.
  • Analysis of potential molecular mechanisms of TE-mediated gene regulation.
  • Exploration of validation strategies, including transgenic approaches.

Main Results:

  • Several mechanisms for TE involvement in resistance exist, including altered gene expression, splicing, and stability.
  • Many proposed instances of TE-driven resistance lack functional validation.
  • Examples from other biological contexts illustrate potential mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Transposons are plausible contributors to insecticide resistance.
  • Functional studies, particularly using transgenic expression, are crucial for validating TE roles.
  • More research is needed to move beyond correlational evidence.