Ultrafast micro/nano-manufacturing of metastable materials for energy

The structural engineering of metastable nanomaterials with abundant defects has attracted much attention in energy-related fields. The high-temperature shock (HTS) technique, as a rapidly developing and advanced synthesis strategy, offers significant potential for the rational design and fabrication of high-quality nanocatalysts in an ultrafast, scalable, controllable and eco-friendly way. In this review, we provide an overview of various metastable micro- and nanomaterials synthesized via HTS, including single metallic and bimetallic nanostructures, high entropy alloys, metal compounds (e.g. metal oxides) and carbon nanomaterials. Note that HTS provides a new research dimension for nanostructures, i.e. kinetic modulation. Furthermore, we summarize the application of HTS-as supporting films for transmission electron microscopy grids-in the structural engineering of 2D materials, which is vital for the direct imaging of metastable materials. Finally, we discuss the potential future applications of high-throughput and liquid-phase HTS strategies for non-equilibrium micro/nano-manufacturing beyond energy-related fields. It is believed that this emerging research field will bring new opportunities to the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology in both fundamental and practical aspects.