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Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties
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Nontoxic Initiator Alternatives to TEMED for Redox Hydrogel Polymerization.

Elizabeth A Pumford1, Brooke A Jackson Hoffman1, Andrea M Kasko1

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.

ACS Applied Bio Materials
|March 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed nontoxic hydrogel initiators, Glycofect and polyethylenimine (PEI), as replacements for the toxic TEMED. Glycofect-based hydrogels demonstrated superior biocompatibility, offering a safer alternative for cell-contact applications.

Keywords:
cytocompatibilityhydrogelnontoxicredox polymerizationwound dressing

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Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst
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Synthesis of Stimuli-responsive Nanogels using Aqueous One-step Crosslinking and Co-nanopolymerization
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Synthesis of Stimuli-responsive Nanogels using Aqueous One-step Crosslinking and Co-nanopolymerization
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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Polymeric hydrogels are tunable, biocompatible materials with diverse applications.
  • Traditional hydrogel fabrication uses toxic ammonium persulfate (APS) and tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) initiators.
  • This toxicity limits hydrogel use in direct cell contact, such as wound dressings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate nontoxic redox gelation systems as alternatives to TEMED for hydrogel fabrication.
  • To assess the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of hydrogels formed using Glycofect and polyethylenimine (PEI) as initiators.

Main Methods:

  • Developed Glycofect and PEI as amine-containing polymer initiators.
  • Fabricated hydrogels using APS with Glycofect, PEI, or TEMED.
  • Characterized hydrogel mechanical properties (moduli).
  • Assessed cell viability and cytocompatibility of the fabricated hydrogels.

Main Results:

  • Hydrogels formed with Glycofect and PEI exhibited short gelation times and moduli comparable to TEMED-based hydrogels.
  • Gels initiated with Glycofect and PEI showed improved performance in cell viability studies compared to TEMED-based gels.
  • Glycofect-initiated hydrogels displayed significantly higher cytocompatibility.

Conclusions:

  • Glycofect and PEI serve as effective, nontoxic replacements for TEMED in hydrogel fabrication.
  • Glycofect offers a promising drop-in replacement for TEMED, enhancing hydrogel biocompatibility for cell-contact applications.