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Updated: May 5, 2026

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
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Novel Strategies in Diagnosing Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Comprehensive Literature Review

Costantino Mancusi1, Christian Basile2, Carmen Spaccarotella2

  • 1Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy. costantino.mancusi@unina.it.

High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention : the Official Journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension
|March 15, 2024
PubMed

Insights

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is common and rising. This review covers non-invasive diagnostic methods for HFpEF, addressing a critical unmet need in cardiovascular medicine.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) affects 50% of heart failure patients globally.
  • Increasing global population aging is expected to further raise HFpEF incidence and prevalence.
  • HFpEF presents a significant unmet medical need due to high mortality and hospitalization rates, with limited prior therapeutic options.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of current diagnostic and monitoring methods for HFpEF.
  • To highlight the importance of non-invasive diagnostic approaches for HFpEF.
  • To guide healthcare professionals in identifying and managing patients with HFpEF.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of diagnostic and monitoring strategies for HFpEF.
  • Focus on non-invasive clinical criteria, biomarkers, and imaging findings.
  • Discussion of diagnostic tools aiding in HFpEF assessment.

Main Results:

  • Several clinical criteria and diagnostic tools exist to aid HFpEF diagnosis.
  • Non-invasive methods assist in identifying patients with HFpEF.
  • These tools support informed decisions on pharmacological and rehabilitation strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis and monitoring of HFpEF are crucial for patient management.
  • Non-invasive diagnostic approaches are essential given the impracticality of routine invasive assessments.
  • This review consolidates available methods for diagnosing and monitoring HFpEF.

Keywords:
BiomarkersEchocardiographyHeart failure with preserved ejection fractionLung ultrasoundRehabilitation

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