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Related Concept Videos

Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

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Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...
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Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER01:27

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

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A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
Hsp40 and Hsp70 chaperone molecules bind the translated proteins in the cytosol to prevent their folding. The chaperone binding helps to keep the signal...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane

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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
In eukaryotes, the translocon complex comprises a core heterotrimeric translocator channel called the Sec61 complex. This channel includes three transmembrane proteins, Sec61α, Sec61β, and Sec61γ, and is the largest subunit of the...
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Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

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Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
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Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Single-Molecule Diffusion and Assembly on Polymer-Crowded Lipid Membranes
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Polymer translocation: Effects of confinement.

Manish Dwivedi1, Sumitra Rudra1, Sanjay Kumar1

  • 1Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.

Physical Review. E
|March 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Varying confinement in cone-shaped channels affects polymer translocation dynamics. Increased effective space (ϕ) initially reduces translocation time, which then saturates, controllable by solvent quality.

Area of Science:

  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Polymer Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Polymer translocation through confined geometries is crucial for biological processes and nanotechnology.
  • Understanding how channel shape and confinement influence translocation dynamics is essential for controlling these processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of varying confinement on polymer translocation dynamics through a cone-shaped channel.
  • To analyze the relationship between effective space (ϕ), entropy, free energy, and translocation time.
  • To explore the role of solvent quality and wall interactions in controlling translocation.

Main Methods:

  • Modeling a linear polymer chain using self-avoiding walks on a square lattice.
  • Simulating polymer translocation through a cone-shaped channel with varied confinement.

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  • Analyzing entropy and free energy using Fokker-Planck equation for translocation time calculations.

    • Main Results:

    • Confinement, altered by back wall position or apex angle, reduces effective space (ϕ).
    • Entropy exhibits nonmonotonic behavior as a function of ϕ.
    • Translocation time decreases with increasing ϕ, eventually reaching a saturation point.
    • Solvent quality and wall interactions (repulsive/neutral) significantly influence translocation dynamics.

    Conclusions:

    • Confinement strongly dictates polymer translocation dynamics in cone-shaped channels.
    • Translocation time can be controlled by adjusting confinement and solvent conditions.
    • This study provides insights into optimizing polymer translocation for applications in nanotechnology and biosensing.