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Related Concept Videos

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers01:24

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

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Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Methionine Functionalized Biocompatible Block Copolymers for Targeted Plasmid DNA Delivery
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Hybrid Poly(β-amino ester) Triblock Copolymers Utilizing a RAFT Polymerization Grafting-From Methodology.

Karolina Kasza1,2, Amr Elsherbeny1,3,4, Cara Moloney4

  • 1Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation School of Pharmacy University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK.

Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics
|March 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new method to create advanced poly(β-amino esters) (PBAEs) for drug delivery. This technique allows for better structural control, leading to improved biomaterials for targeted therapies and enhanced nanoparticle uptake in cancer cells.

Keywords:
RAFTTriblock copolymerbiomaterialsgrafting‐fromhydrophobic drug deliverypoly(β‐amino esters)

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Poly(β-amino esters) (PBAEs) are widely used as biomaterials due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and responsiveness.
  • Current limitations in PBAE synthesis, such as step-growth polymerization, restrict structural optimization and monomer choice.
  • Existing post-synthetic functionalization methods (grafting-to) face challenges with polymer-polymer coupling and purification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel "grafting-from" approach for synthesizing advanced PBAE-based hybrid copolymers.
  • To overcome the limitations of traditional PBAE synthesis and functionalization methods.
  • To demonstrate the potential of these new materials in drug delivery applications.

Main Methods:

  • Conversion of PBAEs into macromolecular chain transfer agents via a multistep capping procedure.
  • Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization using various monomers to create PBAE-RAFT hybrid triblock copolymers.
  • Assembly of triblock copolymers into polymeric micelles for hydrophobic drug encapsulation.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of PBAE-RAFT hybrid triblock copolymers using the novel "grafting-from" strategy.
  • Formation of polymeric micelles capable of encapsulating a model hydrophobic drug.
  • Demonstrated nanoparticle uptake in breast cancer cells, indicating potential for targeted drug delivery.

Conclusions:

  • The developed synthetic methodology significantly expands the versatility and applicability of PBAEs as biomaterials.
  • This approach enables precise structural control and functionalization of PBAEs for advanced applications.
  • The synthesized hybrid copolymers show promise for effective drug delivery systems, particularly in oncology.