Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

7.9K
When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
7.9K
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

1.4K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
1.4K
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

11.8K
The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
11.8K
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

32.3K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
32.3K
Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages

62.1K
In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
62.1K
Antibiotic Selection00:57

Antibiotic Selection

53.4K
Overview
53.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Evolution of Ivermectin Resistance in the Nematode Model <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>: Critical Influence of Population Size and Altered Emodepside Efficacy.

Evolutionary applications·2026
Same author

The role of the innate immune system in shaping the dynamics of antimicrobial treatment.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Investigating the consequences of the mating system for drug resistance evolution in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>.

Proceedings. Biological sciences·2025
Same author

The role of innate immunity, antibiotics, and bacteriophages in the course of bacterial infections and their treatment.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

A Trade-Off Between Antimicrobial Peptide Resistance and Sensitivity to Host Immune Effectors in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> In Vivo.

Evolutionary applications·2025
Same author

Evolution of parasite transmission dispersion.

Royal Society open science·2025
Same journal

The microlandscapes of tree trunks: the effect of lichen and tree-level characteristics on arthropod communities.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same journal

Centimetre-scale landscapes to assess the motion behaviour and cognition of gastropods and bivalves.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same journal

Intertidal microcosms of wave-swept rocky shores: ecological and physiological insights from a uniquely stressful environment.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same journal

Temporal and spatial variation in temperature and oxygen at the microscale: key niche axes for aquatic life.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same journal

Natural microcosms in ecology: fulfilling the promise of model systems?

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same journal

Microbe-induced galls and plant defence: metabolite crosstalk in a co-evolutionary battle.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Tractable Mammalian Cell Infections with Protozoan-primed Bacteria
13:54

Tractable Mammalian Cell Infections with Protozoan-primed Bacteria

Published on: April 2, 2013

10.5K

How infection-triggered pathobionts influence virulence evolution.

Mathias Franz1, Roland R Regoes2, Jens Rolff1

  • 1Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|March 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pathogen virulence evolution is complex. Co-infections with pathobionts, microbes that can cause disease, can lead to decreased or increased pathogen virulence, challenging classical theories. Host microbiota interactions shape this evolutionary dynamic.

Keywords:
dysbiosismathematical modelmicrobiotapathobiontpathogenvirulence evolution

More Related Videos

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

5.9K
The Insect Galleria mellonella as a Powerful Infection Model to Investigate Bacterial Pathogenesis
13:00

The Insect Galleria mellonella as a Powerful Infection Model to Investigate Bacterial Pathogenesis

Published on: December 11, 2012

32.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Tractable Mammalian Cell Infections with Protozoan-primed Bacteria
13:54

Tractable Mammalian Cell Infections with Protozoan-primed Bacteria

Published on: April 2, 2013

10.5K
Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

5.9K
The Insect Galleria mellonella as a Powerful Infection Model to Investigate Bacterial Pathogenesis
13:00

The Insect Galleria mellonella as a Powerful Infection Model to Investigate Bacterial Pathogenesis

Published on: December 11, 2012

32.0K

Area of Science:

  • Microbial ecology
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Theoretical biology

Background:

  • Host microbiota influences host-pathogen interactions, potentially facilitating or preventing infections.
  • Microbiota members (pathobionts) can become virulent, leading to co-infections during pathogen-induced dysbiosis.
  • Understanding pathobiont co-infections is crucial for predicting pathogen evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically investigate how pathobiont co-infections impact the evolution of pathogen virulence.
  • To explore the relationship between pathogen virulence and the likelihood of pathobiont co-infection.
  • To determine how co-infections affect the combined virulence of pathogens and pathobionts.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of host-pathogen-microbiota interactions.
  • Analysis of virulence evolution under varying co-infection probabilities.
  • Comparison of pathogen virulence evolution versus combined virulence evolution.

Main Results:

  • Increased pathogen virulence is not always selected for, contrary to classical theory.
  • Scenario-specific selection for increased or decreased virulence was observed when co-infection likelihood increased with pathogen virulence.
  • Reductions in combined virulence were observed only when co-infection was triggered above a specific pathogen virulence threshold.

Conclusions:

  • Host-microbiota interactions can drive and be influenced by pathogen evolution.
  • The evolution of pathogen virulence is context-dependent, especially in the presence of pathobionts.
  • Classical evolutionary predictions may not apply when considering complex co-infection dynamics.