Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

2.4K
Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary...
2.4K
Preparation of Amides01:29

Preparation of Amides

3.0K
Amides are synthesized by treating carboxylic acids with amines in the presence of dehydrating agents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
The DCC-promoted synthesis of amides begins with the protonation of DCC by carboxylic acid. The protonation makes it a better acceptor. Next, the addition of carboxylate to the protonated carbodiimide gives a reactive acylating agent.
Subsequently, the amine acts as a nucleophile that attacks the acylating agent to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the...
3.0K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis01:22

Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis

3.9K
Direct alkylation of ammonia produces polyalkylated amines, along with a quaternary ammonium salt. To exclusively prepare primary amines, the azide synthesis method can be used.
Azide ions act as good nucleophiles and react with unhindered alkyl halides to form alkyl azides. Alkyl azides do not participate in further nucleophilic substitution reactions, thereby eliminating the chances of polyalkylated products. Alkyl azides are reduced by hydride-based reducing agents, like lithium aluminum...
3.9K
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

2.7K
Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
2.7K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview01:07

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview

3.2K
In the presence of an aqueous base and a halogen, primary amides can lose the carbonyl (as carbon dioxide) and undergo rearrangement to form primary amines. This reaction, called the Hofmann rearrangement, can produce primary amines (aryl and alkyl) in high yields without contamination by secondary and tertiary amines.
3.2K
Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:28

Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

3.2K
Amides can undergo either acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-promoted hydrolysis through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. Each hydrolysis requires severe conditions.
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis of amides under acidic conditions yields carboxylic acids. Since the reaction occurs slowly, hydrolysis requires the conditions of heat.
The mechanism begins with the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the amide carbonyl carbon more...
3.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Unified Synthesis of Unconventional α-Polyhalogenated Amines Through Hydroaminoalkylation.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

An alkyl-swap platform for late-stage modification of secondary N-methylamines.

Nature chemistry·2026
Same author

Cation Sampling Enables Regiodivergent Distal Functionalization of Ketones.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Kissing Bond Damage Detection Based on the Non-Reciprocity of Nonlinear Guided Waves in CFRP-Reinforced Steel Plates.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Target-agnostic SAR mapping and immunological evaluation of (-)-FR252921 and analogs against primary human immune cells.

Chemical science·2026
Same author

Tyrosine hydroxylase as a therapeutic target: insights from adrenergic nerve and TNBC cell interactions.

Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Preparation of Contiguous Bisaziridines for Regioselective Ring-Opening Reactions
04:38

Preparation of Contiguous Bisaziridines for Regioselective Ring-Opening Reactions

Published on: July 28, 2022

3.0K

Challenges and Breakthroughs in Selective Amide Activation.

Minghao Feng1, Haoqi Zhang1,2, Nuno Maulide1,2

  • 1Faculty of Chemistry Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Vienna Währinger Straße 38 1090 Vienna Austria.

Angewandte Chemie (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|March 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Amides, once considered unreactive, are now selectively activated under mild conditions. Recent advancements showcase novel strategies for amide activation, enabling synthetically useful and mechanistically intriguing transformations.

Keywords:
Amide ActivationAmide FunctionalisationElectrophilic ActivationSynthetic MethodsTransition-Metal Catalysis

More Related Videos

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine
11:04

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Published on: June 13, 2022

3.0K
Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes
05:15

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

Published on: February 6, 2019

6.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Preparation of Contiguous Bisaziridines for Regioselective Ring-Opening Reactions
04:38

Preparation of Contiguous Bisaziridines for Regioselective Ring-Opening Reactions

Published on: July 28, 2022

3.0K
Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine
11:04

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Published on: June 13, 2022

3.0K
Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes
05:15

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

Published on: February 6, 2019

6.8K

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Synthetic Chemistry

Background:

  • Amides are traditionally viewed as less reactive carbonyl compounds due to their electronic and structural properties.
  • Recent research focuses on overcoming amide inertness through selective activation methods under mild conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent breakthroughs in selective amide activation.
  • To highlight emerging trends and novel strategies in amide chemistry.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes recent literature on amide activation.
  • Focuses on novel strategies and their mechanistic insights.

Main Results:

  • Several new methods for selective amide activation have been developed.
  • These methods enable synthetically valuable transformations.

Conclusions:

  • The field of amide activation is rapidly advancing.
  • New strategies are ushering in a new era for amide chemistry.