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Properties of Organometallic Compounds

Properties of Organometallic Compounds

Organometallic compounds are compounds that contain a carbon–metal bond. Carbon belongs to an organyl group like alkyl, aryl, allyl, or benzyl groups. The metal can be from Group I or Group II of the periodic table, a transition metal, or a semimetal.

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation

Catalysis

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance

Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance

Published on: April 27, 2018

Constructing Chainmail-Structured CoP/C Nanospheres as Highly Active Anodic Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution

Yang Nan¹, Tianpeng Liu¹, Wenhao Liu¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

|March 20, 2024

Summary

Noble metal-free electrocatalysts are crucial for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Carbon-coated cobalt phosphide (CoP/C) nanospheres demonstrate high activity and stability, outperforming commercial ruthenium dioxide (RuO2).

Keywords:

CoP/C chainmail impregnation coupling phosphorization approach in situ Raman spectra oxygen evolution reaction

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Published on: December 6, 2021

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Published on: December 6, 2021

Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Materials Science
Catalysis

Background:

Developing efficient, earth-abundant electrocatalysts is critical for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER).
Noble metal catalysts like RuO2 are effective but expensive and scarce.
There is a significant need for cost-effective and highly active alternatives for OER.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize novel, noble metal-free electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER).
To investigate the catalytic performance and stability of carbon-coated cobalt phosphide (CoP/C) nanospheres.
To elucidate the mechanism behind the enhanced activity of the developed catalyst.

Main Methods:

A direct impregnation coupling phosphorization approach was employed to synthesize uniform carbon-coated CoP nanospheres (CoP/C).
Electrochemical performance was evaluated using techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry.
In situ Raman spectroscopy was utilized to study the reaction intermediates and understand the catalytic mechanism.

Main Results:

The synthesized CoP/C catalyst exhibited a low overpotential of 230 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and a Tafel slope of 56.87 mV dec-1.
The intrinsic activity of CoP/C was found to be 21.44 times higher than commercial RuO2 at an overpotential of 260 mV.
In situ Raman spectroscopy indicated that Co-O and Co-OH species facilitate *OH adsorption, accelerating reaction kinetics.
The carbon shell enhanced the active surface area and protected CoP from oxidative dissolution, improving stability.

Conclusions:

Uniform carbon-coated CoP nanospheres are highly active and stable electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction.
The synergistic effect between CoP and the carbon shell contributes to the superior catalytic performance.
This work offers a promising strategy for developing advanced, noble metal-free OER catalysts.